Дзю перевод с китайского

I сущ.

1) бюро, управление; контора, учреждение; участок

鐵路局 управление железной дороги

這是警察局 это — полицейский участок

2) лавка; мастерская; заведение; склад

果局 фруктовая лавка

3) игорный дом; притон

抄了一個局 произвести обыск (конфискацию) в игорном доме

4) помещение, комната

宮局 дворцовые помещения

5) часть, доля; частичный

各司其局 каждый ведает своей частью

6) доска (для игры)

棋局 шахматная доска

7) партия (в шахматы, шашки)

下了一局棋 сыграть партию в шахматы

общество на банкете (пиру); компания

賭局 компания для игры в азартные игры

9) положение, обстановка, ситуация; конъюнктура

戰局 военная обстановка

10) обман; ловушка; уловка

美人局 уловки красавицы

11) способности; достоинства; качества

有智局 обладать достоинствами (качествами) мудрого

12) должность; служба

離局 покинуть службу

13) сосед

招近局 позвать ближайшего соседа

II гл.

сгибаться; склоняться; скрючиваться; кривой, согнутый, искривлённый

不敢不局 не посметь не склониться

III прил./наречие

1) узкий, ограниченный, стеснённый; боязливый, робкий

人者寬,小者局 взрослые непринуждённы, малые робки

2) близкий, недалёкий

塗路雖局,官守有限 путь туда хотя и близок, но и должностные права ограничены

1) управление; бюро

公安局 gōng’ānjú — управление общественной безопасности

局长 júzhǎng — начальник управления

2) контора; магазин; заведение

书局 shūjú — книжный магазин

3) положение, ситуация, обстановка

大局 dàjú — общая ситуация; обстановка в целом

政局 zhèngjú — политическая обстановка

4) игра; партия

下局棋 xià yījú qí — сыграть партию в шахматы

5) частичный; ограниченный

сч.сл. (для игр, партий в шахматы)

бюро;управление;учреждение,контора;лавка,мастерская;

Мини-разговорник китайского языка

Основные фразы

Здравствуйте	你好	nǐ hǎo	ни-хао
Спасибо	谢谢	xièxiè	се-се
До свидания	在见	zài jiàn	цзай-дзиень
Девушка (обращение)	美女	měi nǚ	мэй нюй
Да	是	shì	ши
Нет	不是	bù shì	бу ши
Сколько стоит?	多少钱？	duōshǎo qián?	дуо шао чиень?
Это (эта вещь)	这个	zhè ge	чжэ-гэ
Этот один	一个	yī gè	и-гэ
Этих два	两个	liǎng gè	лян-гэ
Есть или нет?	有没有？	yǒu méi yǒu?	йоу мэй йоу?
Не надо	不用	bù yòng	бу юн
Надо	要	yào	яо
Не понимаю	听不懂	tīng bù dǒng	тхин бу дон
Здесь	这儿 (这里)	zhè’er (zhèlǐ)	чжэр (чжэ-ли)
Там	那边	nà biān	на биень
Где?	哪儿？ (那里？)	nǎ’er? (nàlǐ?)	нар? (нали?)
Туалет	洗手间	xǐ shǒu jiān	си шоу дзиень
Скорая помощь	救护	jiùhù	дзю-ху
Полиция	警察	jǐngchá	дзин-чха

В ресторане

Меню	菜单	càidān	цхай-дань
Официант	服务员	fúwùyuán	фу-ву-юань
Сделать заказ	下单	xià dān	сья-дань
Не добавляйте перец (не )	不辣的	bù là de	бу ла-де
Я не ем свинину	我不吃猪肉	wǒ bù chī zhūròu	во бу чхи чжу жоу
Я не ем мясо	我不吃肉	wǒ bù chī ròu	во бу чхи жоу
Свинина	猪肉	zhū ròu	чжу-жоу
Говядина	牛肉	niú ròu	ню-жоу
Баранина	羊肉	yáng ròu	ян-жоу
Креветки	鲜虾	xiān xiā	сянь-ся
Утка по-пекински	北京烤鸭	běi jīng kǎo yā	бэй-дзин-као-я
Свинина в кисло-сладком соусе	小翠锅包肉	xiǎo cuì guō bāo ròu	сяо-цуэй-гуо-бао-жоу
Мясо по-пекински	京酱肉丝	jīng jiàng ròu sī	дзин-дзян-жоу-сы
Салат по-пекински	家常凉菜	jiācháng liángcài	дзя-чан-лян-цай
Тушеный картофель с баклажанами и зеленым перцем	地三鲜	dì sān xiān	ди-сань-сянь
Пельмени	饺子	jiǎozi	дзяо-цзы
Бананы в карамели	拔丝香蕉	básī xiāngjiāo	ба-сы-сян-дзяо
Яблоки в карамели	拔丝苹果	básī píngguǒ	ба-сы-пхин-гуо
Тост: «До дна!»	干杯	gānbēi	ган-бэй
Соевый соус	酱油	jiàngyóu	дзиан-йоу
Соль	盐	yán	янь
Сахар	糖	táng	тхан
Вода	水	shuǐ	шуэй
Стакан	杯子	bēizi	бэй-цзи
Один стакан воды	一杯水	yī bēi shuǐ	и бэй шуэй
Холодный	冷的	lěng de	лэн-дэ
Со льдом	冰的	bīng de	бин-дэ
Горячий	热的	rè de	жэ-дэ
Чай	茶	chá	чха
Кофе	咖啡	kāfēi	ка-фэй
Сок	果汁	guǒzhī	гуо-чжи
Пиво	啤酒	píjiǔ	пхи-дзиу
Вино	葡萄酒	pútáojiǔ	пху-тао-дзю
Виски	威士忌酒	wēishìjì jiǔ	вэй-ши-дзи-дзю
Коньяк	白兰地	báilándì	бай-лань-ди
Вилка	叉子	chāzi	ча-цзи
Ложка	勺子	sháozi	шао-цзи
Нож	刀子	dāozi	дао-цзи
Салфетки	紙巾	zhǐjīn	чжи-дзинь
Забрать еду с собой	打包	dǎbāo	да-бао
Счет, пожалуйста	买单	mǎidān	май-дань
Макдональдс	麦当劳	màidāngláo	май-дан-лао
Старбакс	星巴克	xīngbakè	син-ба-кэ

Транспорт

Такси	出租车	сhūzū chē	чуцзу-чхе
Станция метро	地铁站	dì tiě zhàn	ди-тхье-чжань
Ж/д вокзал	火车站	huǒchē zhàn	хуо-чхе-чжань
Купе, мягкое спальное место	软卧	ruǎnwò	жуань-во
Плацкарт, жесткое спальное место	硬卧	yìngwò	ин-во
Сидячее место	硬座	yìngzuò	ин-цзуо
Аэропорт	机场	jīchǎng	дзи-чан
Билет	票	piào	пхьяо
Паспорт	护照	hùzhào	ху-чжао

Счет, числительные

0	零	Líng	лин
1	一	yī	и
2 (число)	二	Èr	ар
2 (два предмета)	两	liǎng gè	лиан-гэ
3	三	sān	сань
4	四	sì	сы
5	五	wǔ	у
6	六	liù	лиу
7	七	qī	чи
8	八	bā	ба
9	九	jiǔ	дзю
10	十	shí	ши
100	百	bǎi	бай
1 000	千	qiān	чиень
10 000	一万	yī wàn	и-ван

Jujutsu

Jujutsu training at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920
Also known as	Jujitsu, jiu-jitsu
Focus	Striking, kicking, grappling, wrestling
Country of origin	Japan
Famous practitioners	Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, Mataemon Tanabe, Hansuke Nakamura, Kanō Jigorō, Hironori Ōtsuka, Tatsuo Suzuki, Seishiro Okazaki, Matsugoro Okuda, Hikosuke Totsuka, Takeda Sōkaku, Morihei Ueshiba, Minoru Mochizuki
Parenthood	Various ancient and medieval Japanese martial arts
Ancestor arts	Tegoi, sumo
Descendant arts	Judo, aikido, kosen judo, wadō-ryū, sambo (via judo), Brazilian jiu-jitsu (via judo), ARB (via judo), bartitsu, yoseikan budō, taiho jutsu, kūdō (via judo), luta livre (via judo), krav maga (via judo and aikido), modern arnis, combat jujutsu, hapkido, hwa rang do, shoot wrestling, German ju-jutsu, atemi ju-jitsu, JJIF sport jujitsu, danzan-ryū, hakkō-ryū, kajukenbo, kapap, kenpo, Kūdō (Via Judo)
Olympic sport	Judo

Jujutsu
Jūjutsu in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji	柔術
Transcriptions Romanization jūjutsu

Jujutsu ( joo-JIT-sue; Japanese: 柔術 jūjutsu, pronounced [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ^ⓘ), also known as jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu, is a family of Japanese martial arts and a system of close combat (unarmed or with a minor weapon) that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner to kill or subdue one or more weaponless or armed and armored opponents.^[1][2] It was designed in the 1530s and is coined by Hisamori Tenenuchi when he officially established the first school of Jiu-Jitsu in Japan. ^[3] A subset of techniques from certain styles of jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports, such as judo, aikido, sambo, ARB, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and mixed martial arts.

Characteristics[edit]

«Jū» can be translated as «gentle, soft, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding», and «jutsu» can be translated as «art or technique». «Jujutsu» thus has the meaning of «yielding-art», as its core philosophy is to manipulate the opponent’s force against themself rather than confronting it with one’s own force.^[1] Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no form of weapon, or only a short weapon.^[4] Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker’s energy against them, rather than directly opposing it.^[5]

There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches. Jujutsu schools (ryū) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree (e.g., throwing, takedowns, leg sweeps, trapping, pins, joint locks, holds, chokeholds, strangulation, gouging, biting, hair pulling, disengagements, and striking). In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach the use of weapons. Today, jujutsu is practiced in both traditional self-defense oriented and modern sports forms. Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo, which was developed by Kanō Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu, and sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, which were derived from earlier (pre–World War II) versions of Kodokan judo that had more emphasis on ground fighting (which also caused the creation of kosen judo).

Etymology[edit]

Jujutsu, the standard English language spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the 20th century, however, jiu-Jitsu and ju-jitsu were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji as Jitsu is not faithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation. It was a non-standardized spelling resulting from how English-speakers heard the second short u in the word, which is pronounced /ɯ/ and therefore close to a short English i.^{[citation needed]} This may also be a reflection of the speech of Shitamachi that merges ‘ju’ into ‘ji’. Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places. Ju-jitsu is still a common spelling in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom while jiu-jitsu is most widely used in Germany and Brazil. Different from the Japanese pronunciation, the word Jujutsu is still usually pronounced as if it is spelled jujitsu in the United States.

Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as «unarmed» close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed. Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, and joint locking. Great pains were also taken by the bushi (classic warriors) to develop effective methods of defense, including parrying or blocking strikes, thrusts and kicks, receiving throws or joint locking techniques (i.e., falling safely and knowing how to «blend» to neutralize a technique’s effect), releasing oneself from an enemy’s grasp, and changing or shifting one’s position to evade or neutralize an attack. As jujutsu is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than others.

From a broader point of view, based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves, however, these arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed, together with methods of using minor weapons such as the jutte (truncheon; also called jitter), tantō (knife), or kakushi buki (hidden weapons), such as the ryofundo kusari (weighted chain) or the bankokuchoki (a type of knuckle-duster), to defeat both armed or unarmed opponents.

Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior’s major weapons: katana or tachi (sword), yari (spear), naginata (glaive), jō (short staff), and bō (quarterstaff). These close combat methods were an important part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield. They can be generally characterized as either Sengoku period (1467–1603) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi (fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor), or Edo period (1603–1867) suhada bu Jutsu (fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period, kimono and hakama).

The first Chinese character of jujutsu (Chinese and Japanese: 柔; pinyin: róu; rōmaji: jū; Korean: 유; romaja: yu) is the same as the first one in judo (Chinese and Japanese: 柔道; pinyin: róudào; rōmaji: jūdō; Korean: 유도; romaja: yudo). The second Chinese character of jujutsu (traditional Chinese and Japanese: 術; simplified Chinese: 术; pinyin: shù; rōmaji: jutsu; Korean: 술; romaja: sul) is the same as the second one in bujutsu (traditional Chinese and Japanese: 武術; simplified Chinese: 武术; pinyin: wǔshù; rōmaji: bujutsu; Korean: 무술; romaja: musul).

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The written history of Jujutsu first began during the Nara period (c. 710 – c. 794) combining early forms of Sumo and various Japanese martial arts which were used on the battlefield for close combat. The oldest known styles of Jujutsu are, Shinden Fudo-ryū (c. 1130), Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (c. 1447), and Takenouchi-ryū, which was founded in 1530s. Many jujutsu forms also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapons. In contrast to the neighbouring nations of China and Okinawa whose martial arts made greater use of striking techniques, Japanese hand-to-hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing (including joint-locking throws), immobilizing, joint locks, choking, strangulation, and to lesser extent ground fighting.

In the early 17th century during the Edo period, jujutsu would continue to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate to reduce war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi’s invasions of Korea and spread throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika.^[6] During this new ideology, weapons and armor became unused decorative items, so hand-to-hand combat flourished as a form of self-defense and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of unarmored opponents. This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat, and back of the neck. However towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as a way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in the lead up to a joint lock, strangle or throw.

During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools would challenge each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government. From these challenges, randori was created to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other without intention to kill.^[7][8]

The term jūjutsu was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a blanket term for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques. Prior to that time, these skills had names such as «short sword grappling» (小具足腰之廻, kogusoku koshi no mawari), «grappling» (組討 or 組打, kumiuchi), «body art» (体術, taijutsu), «softness» (柔 or 和, yawara), «art of harmony» (和術, wajutsu, yawarajutsu), «catching hand» (捕手, torite), and even the «way of softness» (柔道, jūdō) (as early as 1724, almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan judo).^[2]

Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period (1333–1573) are referred to collectively as Japanese old-style jujutsu (日本古流柔術, Nihon koryū jūjutsu). At this period in history, the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat, but rather means for an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. In battle, it was often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm, and would, therefore, be forced to rely on his short sword, dagger, or bare hands. When fully armored, the effective use of such «minor» weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills.

Methods of combat (as mentioned above) included striking (kicking and punching), various takedowns, trips, throwing (body throws, shoulder and hip throws, joint-locking throws, sacrifice throws, unbalance and leg sweeping throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling, and rope tying) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off-balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as the tantō (knife), ryofundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto wari (helmet breaker), and Kaku shi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu.

Development[edit]

In later times, other ko-ryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today. These are correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu (founded during the Edo period): they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment but instead utilize grips and holds on opponent’s clothing. Most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique), which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield.^{[original research?]} They would, however, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire (referred to as «suhada bujutsu»). Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tantō (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum of Edo jūjutsu.

Another seldom-seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems. Referred to as Hojo waza (捕縄術 hojojutsu, Tori Nawa Jutsu, nawa Jutsu, hayanawa and others), it involves the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the sageo or tasuke) to restrain or strangle an attacker. These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs. The very old Takenouchi-ryu is one of the better-recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza. Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing of swords, the ancient tradition of Yagyū Shingan-ryū (Sendai and Edo lines) has focused much towards the Jujutsu (Yawara) contained in its syllabus.

Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions). These are called either Gendai Jujutsu or modern jujutsu. Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period (1868) when more than 2000 schools (ryū) of jūjutsu existed. Various supposedly traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu are actually gendai jūjutsu. Although modern in formation, very few gendai Jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or koryu. Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards techniques from judo and Edo jūjutsu systems, and sometimes have little to no emphasis on standing armlocks and joint-locking throws that were common in Koryu styles. They also usually do not teach usage of traditional weapons as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems that did. The improbability of confronting an armor-clad attacker and using traditional weapons is the reason for this bias.

Over time, Gendai jujutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police. Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department.

Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British/US/Russian special forces and SO1 police units) for many years. Since the early 1900s, every military service in the world has an unarmed combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of jujutsu.^[9]

In the early 1900s^[10] Edith Garrud became the first British female teacher of jujutsu,^[11] and one of the first female martial arts instructors in the Western world.^[12]

There are many forms of sports jujutsu, the original and most popular being judo, now an Olympic sport. One of the most common is mixed-style competitions, where competitors apply a variety of strikes, throws, and holds to score points. There are also kata competitions, where competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance. There are also freestyle competitions, where competitors take turns attacking each other, and the defender is judged on performance. Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition, which is similar to Randori but more formalized.

Description[edit]

The word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts. «Ju» is a concept. The idea behind this meaning of Ju is «to be gentle», «to give way», «to yield», «to blend», «to move out of harm’s way». «Jutsu» is the principle or «the action» part of ju-jutsu. In Japanese this word means art.^[13]

Japanese jujutsu systems typically put more emphasis on throwing, pinning, and joint-locking techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate, which rely more on striking techniques. Striking techniques were seen as less important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and because they were considered less effective than throws and grappling so were mostly used as set-ups for their grappling techniques and throws, although some styles, such as Yōshin-ryū, Tenjin Shin’yō-ryū and Kyushin-ryū had more emphasis on striking. However, many modern-day jujutsu schools include striking, both as a set-up for further techniques or as a stand-alone action.

In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal or crippling moves, such as joint-locking throws. However, because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment, the risk is minimized. Students are taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws.

Old schools and derivations[edit]

As jujutsu has so many facets, it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today. As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to them originally, they codified and developed their own ryu (school) or Federation to help other instructors, schools, and clubs. Some of these schools modified the source material enough that they no longer consider themselves a style of jujutsu. Arguments and discussions amongst the martial arts fraternity have evoked to the topic of whether specific methods are in fact not jujitsu at all. Tracing the history of a specific school can be cumbersome and impossible in some circumstances.

Around the year 1600 there were over 2000 jujutsu ko-ryū styles, most with at least some common descent, characteristics, and shared techniques. Specific technical characteristics, list of techniques, and the way techniques were performed varied from school to school. Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu. Schools of jujutsu with long lineages include:

Aikido[edit]

Aikido is a modern martial art developed primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba from the system of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku with aikido being a systemic refinement of defensive techniques from Aiki-Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender. Aikido changed much during Ueshiba’s lifetime, so earlier styles (such as Yoshinkan) are more like the original Aiki-Jujutsu than ones (such as Ki-Aikido) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life.

Wado Ryu Karate[edit]

Wadō-ryū (和道流) is one of the four major karate styles and was founded by Hironori Otsuka (1892–1982). Wadō-ryū is a hybrid of Japanese Martial Arts such as Shindō Yōshin-ryū Ju-jitsu, Shotokan Karate, and Shito Ryu Karate. The style itself places emphasis on not only striking, but tai sabaki, joint locks and throws. It has its origins within Tomari-te.

From one point of view, Wadō-ryū might be considered a style of jū-jutsu rather than karate. Hironori Ōtsuka embraced ju-jitsu and was its chief instructor for a time. When Ōtsuka first registered his school with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938, the style was called «Shinshu Wadō-ryū Karate-Jūjutsu,» a name that reflects its hybrid character. Ōtsuka was a licensed Shindō Yōshin-ryū practitioner and a student of Yōshin-ryū when he first met the Okinawan karate master Gichin Funakoshi. After having learned from Funakoshi, and after their split, with Okinawan masters such as Kenwa Mabuni and Motobu Chōki, Ōtsuka merged Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Okinawan karate. The result of Ōtsuka’s efforts is Wadō-ryū Karate.

Bartitsu[edit]

Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton-Wright, who had studied Tenjin Shinyō-ryū and Shinden Fudo-ryū in Yokohama and Kobe. He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo. Upon returning to England he folded the basics of all of these styles, as well as boxing, savate, and forms of stick fighting, into an eclectic self-defence system called Bartitsu.^[17]

Judo[edit]

Main article: Judo

Modern judo is the classic example of a sport that derived from jujutsu. Many who study judo believe as Kanō did, that judo is not a sport but a self-defense system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony. Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition. This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part.

The way an opponent is dealt with also depends on the teacher’s philosophy with regard to combat. This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu.

Not all jujutsu was used in sporting contests, but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890. Techniques like hair-pulling, eye-poking, and groin attacks were and are not considered acceptable in sport, thus, they are excluded from judo competitions or randori. However, judo did preserve some more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata. The kata were intended to be practised by students of all grades but now are mostly practised formally as complete set-routines for performance, kata competition and grading, rather than as individual self-defense techniques in class. However, judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of joint locks. Even judo’s pinning techniques have pain-generating, spine-and-rib-squeezing and smothering aspects. A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a legitimate win. Kanō viewed the safe «contest» aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent’s body in a real fight. Kanō always considered judo a form of, and development of, jujutsu.

A judo technique starts with gripping the opponent, followed by off-balancing them and using their momentum against them, and then applying the technique. Kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) is also used in jujutsu, whereby an opponent’s attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with a technique — thus controlling the opponent. It is known in both systems that kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible. Jujutsu differs from judo in a number of ways. In some circumstances, judoka generate kuzushi by striking one’s opponent along his weak line. Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, poking or striking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of the body where nerves are close to the skin – see kyusho-jitsu) to unbalance opponent and set up throws.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu[edit]

Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914. Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França, Jacintho Ferro and Carlos Gracie, son of his friend, businessman and politician Gastão Gracie. Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda. After Carlos learned the art from Ferro and Maeda, he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George. Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques, although he was told he was too young to practise. At the time, Judo was still commonly called Kanō jiu-jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), which is why this derivative of judo is called Brazilian jiu-jitsu rather than Brazilian judo.

Its emphasis shifted to ground fighting because the Gracie family thought that it was easier to learn than throws and standup grappling, more efficient and much more practical. Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights (mostly against practitioners of other martial arts), competitions and experimenting throughout decades of intense training. BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions in the United States,^{[citation needed]} causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices. Less-practised stand-up techniques in Gracie jiujitsu survive in some BJJ clubs from its judo and jujutsu heritage (judo throws, knife defense, gun defense, blocking, striking etc.).

Sambo[edit]

Sambo (an acronym from samozashchita bez oruzhia, Russian for «self defense without a weapon») was an early Soviet martial art, a direct descendant of judo, developed in the 1920s by Viktor Spiridonov, the Dynamo Sports Society jujutsu instructor, and Russo-Japanese War veteran. As it was developed largely for police purposes, a special emphasis in Sambo was placed on the standing armlocks and grappling-counters in order to free oneself from hold, apprehend and escort a suspect without taking him down; Sambo utilized throws mainly as a defensive counter in case of a surprise attack from behind. Instead of takedowns, it used shakedowns to unbalance the opponent without actually dropping him down, while oneself still maintaining a steady balance. It was in essence a standing arm-wrestling, armlock mastery-type of martial art, which utilized a variety of different types of armlocks, knots and compression-holds (and counters to protect oneself from them) applied to the opponent’s fingers, thumbs, wrist, forearm, elbow, biceps, shoulder, and neck, coupled with finger pressure on various trigger points of human body, particularly sensitive to painful pressure, as well as manipulating the opponent’s sleeve and collar to immobilize his upper body, extremities, and subdue him. Sambo combined jujutsu with wrestling, boxing, and savate techniques for extreme street situations.

Later, in the late 1930s it was methodized by Spiridonov’s trainee Vladislav Volkov to be taught at military and police academies, and eventually combined with the judo-based wrestling technique developed by Vasili Oshchepkov, who was the third foreigner to learn judo in Japan and earned a second-degree black belt awarded by Kanō Jigorō himself, encompassing traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling researched by Oshchepkov’s disciple Anatoly Kharlampiyev to create sambo. As Spiridonov and Oshchepkov disliked each other very much, and both opposed vehemently to unify their effort, it took their disciples to settle the differences and produce a combined system. Modern sports sambo is similar to sport judo or sport Brazilian jiu-jitsu with differences including use of a sambovka jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi, and a special emphasis on leglocks and holds, but with much less emphasis on guard and chokes (banned in competition).

Modern schools[edit]

After the introduction of jujutsu to the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding the arts of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties. There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees.^[18]

Some of the largest post-reformation (founded post-1905) gendai jujutsu schools include (but are certainly not limited to these in that there are hundreds (possibly thousands), of new branches of «jujutsu»):

• Judo
• Aikido
• Hapkido
• Brazilian jiu-jitsu / Gracie jiu-jitsu
• Wadō-ryū
• Hakkō-ryū
• 10th Planet jiu-jitsu
• Danzan-ryū
• Shorinji Kan Jiu Jitsu
• Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu
• Small Circle JuJitsu
• Atemi Ju-Jitsu / Pariset Ju-Jitsu
• German ju-jutsu
• Budoshin Ju-Jitsu

Sport jujutsu[edit]

Sport Ju-Jitsu

Competition at the 8th Annual West Japan Jujitsu Championship in Hiroshima, 2010
Highest governing body	Ju-Jitsu International Federation
Derived from	jujutsu/judo, karate, mixed styles
Characteristics
Contact	Yes
Mixed-sex	No
Type	Martial art
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide
Olympic	No
World Games	1997 2022

There are many types of sport jujutsu. One version of sport jujutsu is known as «JJIF Rules Sport Ju-Jitsu», organized by Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF). The JJIF is a member of GAISF and has been recognized as an official sport of the World Games.

Sport jujutsu comes in three main variants. In Duo (self-defense demonstration), both the tori (attacker) and the uke (defender) come from the same team and demonstrate self-defense techniques. In this variant, there is a special system named Random Attacks, focusing on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering. The tori and the uke are also from the same team but here they do not know what the attack will be, which is given to the tori by the judges, without the uke’s knowledge.

The second variant is the Fighting System (Freefighting) where competitors combine striking, grappling and submissions under rules which emphasise safety. Many of the potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns, necklocks and digital choking and locking are prohibited in sport jujutsu. There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules.^[19][20]

The third variant is the Japanese/Ne Waza (grappling) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission. Striking is not allowed.

Other variants of competition include Sparring, with various rule sets. Ground fighting similar to BJJ, Kata and Demonstrations.

Sparring and ground fighting can have various rule sets depending on the organisation. Kata can be open hand or with traditional Jujutsu weapons and Demonstrations can be in pairs or teams of up to 7.^[21]

Heritage and philosophy[edit]

Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined with the martial arts in the public imagination. Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix and match to suit. This reflects the variety of outlook one finds in the different schools.

Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding to an opponent’s force rather than trying to oppose force with force. Manipulating an opponent’s attack using his force and direction allows jujutsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counterattack.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• «Jujutsu» by Jigorō Kanō and T. Lindsay, 1887 (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volume 15). On jujutsu and the origins of judo.
• «Ju-Jutsu» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 546–547.
• Spalding Athletic Library, Jiu Jitsu, The Effective Japanese Mode of Self Defense

Термин дзю-дзюцу (джиу-джицу) появился в Японии в XVI веке как общее название всех видов рукопашного боя включающие в себя технику защиты и нападения без оружия, а также с различными видами оружия. Он состоит из двух слов: «дзю», что значит «мягкий», «гибкий», «податливый», «уступчивый», и «дзюцу» — «техника», «способ». Получается, что дзю-дзюцу в буквально переводе означает «мягкая, податливая техника».

Мастер дзю-дзюцу уступает натиску противника до тех пор, пока тот не окажется в ловушке, и тогда обращает действия врага против него самого. Разъясняя главный принцип дзю-дзюцу («поддаться, чтобы победить»), наставники прибегают к образу упругой ивы, которая под грузом снега сгибается и сбрасывает его с себя, в отличие от могучего дуба, который терпит до последнего и с треском ломается под тяжестью нагрузки.

Техника современного дзю-дзюцу на 55−65% состоит из приемов, которые условно можно назвать «борцовскими» (захваты, болевые, удушения, подножки, подсечки, броски), а еще 35−45% составляют всевозможные удары пальцами, кулаками, ладонями, локтями, головой, коленями и стопами ног. Иными словами, дзю-дзюцу — техника комбинированного рукопашного боя. Данное определение тем более уместно потому, что в дзю-дзюцу широко используют в качестве оружия любые подручные предметы. В частности, «классическими» его видами считаются, катана (самурайский меч), вакидзаси (короткий меч), нагината (секира), яри (копьё), дзё (дубинка длиной от 100 до 130см), явара (палочка длиной от 15 до 30,5 см), бо (шест длиной в 1,8-2,5 метра), а также ходзю (веревка или пояс) и танто (обычный нож).

Первую школу рукопашного боя близкую к технике дзю-дзюцу, основал в 1532 году Такэноути Хисамори на острове Кюсю. Согласно легенде, ему во сне явился монах-отшельник, раскрывший секреты боевого искусства, основанного на бросках и болевых приемах.

Вторая версия связывает распространение дзю-дзюцу в Японии с именем китайского эмигранта Чэнь Юаньбина, нашедшего пристанище в буддийском храме Секоку-дзи в городе Эдо (нынешний Токио). Будучи мастером циньна, китайского искусства заломов и захватов, он открыл в 1558 году школу при храме, где обучал своей технике за плату всех желающих из числа самураев и монахов. Трое учеников Чэнь Юаньбина впоследствии основали собственные школы дзю-дзюцу: Миура-рю, Фукуно-рю и Исогаи-рю.

Систематизация приемов дзю-дзюцу связана с именем врача Окаямы Сиробэи. Он отправился в Китай для расширения своих познаний в боевых искусствах и познакомился там с рядом местных единоборств, в частности, тайцзи-туйшоу. В результате систематизации и обобщения техники он со своими учениками и единомышленниками представил специально созванной императорской комиссии несколько тысяч приемов рукопашного боя, которые и составили основу дзю-дзюцу. Именно Окаяме приписывают формулировку главного принципа дзю-дзюцу — «поддаться, чтобы победить».

К 1650 году уже насчитывалось более четырехсот, преподающих дзю-дзюцу по всей Японии. Техника стала включать в себя большое количество тычковых и рубящих ударов по уязвимым местам, этот раздел техники получил название «атэми-вадза».

На протяжении более трехсот лет дзю-дзюцу культивировалось исключительно в семейных школах самурайского происхождения. Наиболее известными из них были Арагаки-рю, Кито-рю, Косин-рю, Есин-рю, Реи синто-рю, Синсин-рю и некоторые другие. В первой половине XIX века мастер Исо Мутаэмон в Эдо основал школу Тэнсин Синъе-рю, основу техники которой составили удары по уязвимым местам тела (атэми) и приемы, позволяющие выворачивать суставы. Перед тем как основать собственную школу, Исо отправился в путешествие по различным додзэ в храмах с целью проверить свои приемы в борьбе с другими мастерами и усвоить необходимые науки.

До реставрации Мэйдзи простолюдинам категорически запрещалось изучать технику дзю-дзюцу, но после 1868 года положение изменилось. Более того, в начале ХХ века несколько японских наставников открыли свои школы в Европе и Америке. Сегодня существует около пятидесяти семейных школ японского происхождения, филиалы которых разбросаны по всему миру. Крупнейшая из низ — школа Хакко-рю.

Современным школам дзю-дзюцу разрешено включать в свою программу те элементы техники, которые характерны для традиций рукопашного боя той или иной страны, поэтому в арсенале дзю-дзюцу в наши дни можно встретить все известные приемы боя, соответствующие принципу «уступания», ложной податливости. В каждой школе могут преобладать либо болевые приемы, либо броски через бедро или корпус, либо тычковые или рубящие удары по болевым точкам тела противника.